But the research in this area is quite preliminary most of the studies are done by advocates and most suffer from serious methodological problems.
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Evidence on parenting by same-sex couples is inadequate.Ī number of leading professional associations have asserted that there are "no differences" between children raised by homosexuals and those raised by heterosexuals. Steven Rhoads, Taking Sex Differences Seriously (Encounter Books, 2004).Ĥ. See also Steven Rhoads' book, Taking Sex Differences Seriously.Įleanor MacCoby, The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together (Boston: Harvard, 1998). Stanford psychologist Eleanor MacCoby summarizes much of this literature in her book, The Two Sexes. Obviously, they also give their daughters unique counsel as they confront the physical, emotional, and social challenges associated with puberty and adolescence. Among other things, mothers excel in providing children with emotional security and in reading the physical and emotional cues of infants. There will be even more if homosexual civil marriage is legalized. * David Popenoe, Life Without Father (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1999).Īlthough homosexual men are less likely to have children than lesbians, homosexual men are and will be raising children. * Ellis, Bruce J., et al., "Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?" Child Development, 74:801-821. This study, along with David Popenoe's work, suggests that a father's pheromones influence the biological development of his daughter, that a strong marriage provides a model for girls of what to look for in a man, and gives them the confidence to resist the sexual entreaties of their boyfriends. For instance, a recent study of father absence on girls found that girls who grew up apart from their biological father were much more likely to experience early puberty and a teen pregnancy than girls who spent their entire childhood in an intact family. What is fascinating is that fathers exercise a unique social and biological influence on their children. Among other things, we know that fathers excel in reducing antisocial behavior and delinquency in boys and sexual activity in girls. This would mean that we would have yet more children being raised apart from fathers. If same-sex civil marriage becomes common, most same-sex couples with children would be lesbian couples. Kyle Pruett, Fatherneed (Broadway Books, 2001) 204.Įlizabeth Marquardt, The Moral and Spiritual Lives of Children of Divorce. Yale Child Study Center psychiatrist Kyle Pruett reports that children of IVF often ask their single or lesbian mothers about their fathers, asking their mothers questions like the following:"Mommy, what did you do with my daddy?" "Can I write him a letter?" "Has he ever seen me?" "Didn't you like him? Didn't he like me?" Elizabeth Marquardt reports that children of divorce often report similar feelings about their non-custodial parent, usually the father. Homosexual couples using in vitro fertilization (IVF) or surrogate mothers deliberately create a class of children who will live apart from their mother or father.
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Children hunger for their biological parents. The following are ten science-based arguments against same-sex "marriage":ġ. Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur, Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1994) 38. The fact that both parents have a biological connection to the child would increase the likelihood that the parents would identify with the child and be willing to sacrifice for that child, and it would reduce the likelihood that either parent would abuse the child. Such a design, in theory, would not only ensure that children had access to the time and money of two adults, it also would provide a system of checks and balances that promoted quality parenting. If we were asked to design a system for making sure that children's basic needs were met, we would probably come up with something quite similar to the two-parent ideal. This statement from Sara McLanahan, a sociologist at Princeton University, is representative: In particular, the work of scholars David Popenoe, Linda Waite, Maggie Gallagher, Sara McLanahan, David Blankenhorn, Paul Amato, and Alan Booth has contributed to this conclusion. A large and growing body of scientific evidence indicates that the intact, married family is best for children.